Definition

Malware, short for malicious software, refers to any software designed to intentionally disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, or devices. Malware poses a significant threat to individuals, organizations, and governments, and remains one of the most common tools used in cybercrime. It can steal data, spy on users, encrypt systems for ransom, or exploit vulnerabilities to further spread within or across networks.

Malware is a broad category encompassing various types of harmful software, each with specific behaviors and attack goals. Its delivery methods and evasion techniques continue to evolve, making it a persistent challenge in cybersecurity. It can be embedded in files, links, or legitimate-looking programs and may remain undetected for extended periods. It typically enters systems through user interaction (e.g., clicking on a phishing email) or via automated exploitation of system vulnerabilities. Once inside, malware can execute a wide range of malicious actions, from quietly siphoning data to crashing entire infrastructure systems.

Types of Malware

There are numerous types of malware, each with its own characteristics:

A virus attaches itself to a legitimate file or program and replicates when the host file is executed. It often spreads through file sharing, email attachments, or infected downloads.

Worms are self-replicating malware that do not require user interaction to spread. They exploit vulnerabilities to move laterally across systems and networks, often causing widespread disruption.

A trojan disguises itself as a legitimate application but performs malicious actions once installed. Unlike viruses and worms, trojans don’t self-replicate but often act as backdoors or credential stealers.

Ransomware encrypts a user’s data and demands payment—usually in cryptocurrency—in exchange for a decryption key. Some variants also exfiltrate data and threaten to leak it.

Spyware covertly gathers information about users, such as keystrokes, browsing behavior, or login credentials. It can be used for identity theft or corporate espionage.

Adware displays unwanted advertisements and can redirect browser activity. While some adware is legitimate but intrusive, malicious variants may install tracking software or open the door to more dangerous malware.

Rootkits are used to hide malicious activity by modifying system-level operations. They can grant attackers administrative privileges and are notoriously difficult to detect and remove.

Keyloggers record keyboard input and can be used to steal passwords, personal data, or financial information.

A botnet is a network of compromised devices controlled remotely by a botmaster. Botnets are used to launch coordinated attacks like DDoS (Distributed Denial-of-Service), spam campaigns, or credential stuffing.

Transmission and Infection Vectors

Malware can be delivered through various vectors, including:

• Phishing emails with malicious attachments or links

• Malicious websites or drive-by downloads

• Compromised software updates

• Removable media like USB drives

• Exploits targeting unpatched software

• Malvertising, or ads embedded with malicious code

• Fake apps on mobile platforms

Social engineering is often used in conjunction with these methods to trick users into activating the malware.

Impact of Malware

Malware can lead to severe consequences:

• Data breaches and loss of sensitive information

• Financial loss through fraud, ransom payments, or downtime

• Reputational damage and loss of customer trust

• Regulatory penalties for non-compliance with standards like GDPR, HIPAA, or PCI-DSS

• Operational disruption, particularly in critical infrastructure, healthcare, and manufacturing

Detection and Prevention

Detection methods include:

• Antivirus and anti-malware software

• Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR)

• Heuristic and behavioral analysis

• Network traffic monitoring

• Sandboxing (testing suspicious files in isolated environments)

Prevention strategies include:

• Keeping systems and applications updated with the latest security patches

• Enforcing least privilege access controls

• Implementing multi-factor authentication (MFA)

• Educating users on phishing awareness

• Using firewalls and intrusion prevention systems (IPS)

• Regular backups and secure storage practices

GateKeeper Helps Reduce Malware Exposure Risk

While GateKeeper Proximity is not an antivirus solution, it significantly reduces the risk of malware exploitation by strengthening access control and eliminating password vulnerabilities. Most malware—especially keyloggers and credential-stealing trojans—target manually entered passwords. GateKeeper's proximity-based login system removes the need to type passwords, eliminating one of the most common attack vectors.

Additionally, GateKeeper automatically locks a workstation when the user walks away, preventing unauthorized physical or remote access that could lead to malware installation. Every access event is logged through GateKeeper Hub, providing a tamper-proof audit trail for forensic investigations. This combination of proximity-based authentication and session management helps organizations prevent malware attacks by removing opportunities for credential theft and insecure login behavior.